.. Sources: ``_ .. index:: single: scanning; introduction single: object format; scan method .. _topic-scanning: Scanning ======== :term:`Scanning ` is the process of identifying the :term:`references` in a block of memory and :term:`"fixing" ` them. It's the process at the heart of the Memory Pool System, and the most critical of the memory management functions that have to be implemented by the :term:`client program`. Scanning is used to carry out three tasks: #. During :term:`tracing `, blocks are scanned in order to follow references, and so determine which blocks are :term:`reachable` and which are not. #. After objects have been moved in memory, blocks are scanned in order to identify references that need to be updated to point to the new locations of these objects. #. When iterating over allocated blocks in a pool using :c:func:`mps_pool_walk`, blocks are scanned in order to keep data structures consistent when references are updated. All these tasks use the same protocol, described here. .. index:: single: scanning; protocol .. _topic-scanning-protocol: Scanning protocol ----------------- There are several types of scanning functions (the :term:`scan method` in an :term:`object format`, of type :c:type:`mps_fmt_scan_t`, and root scanning functions of various types) but all take a :term:`scan state` argument of type :c:type:`mps_ss_t`, and a description of a region to be scanned. They must carry out the following steps: #. Call the macro :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` on the scan state. #. For each reference in the region: #. Call :c:func:`MPS_FIX1`, passing the scan state and the reference. #. If :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` returns false, the reference is not of interest to the MPS. Proceed to the next reference in the region. #. If :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` returns true, the reference is of interest to the MPS. Call :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`, passing the scan state and a pointer to a location containing the reference. #. If :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` returns a :term:`result code` other than :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK`, return this result code from the scanning function as soon as practicable. #. If :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK`, it may have updated the reference. Make sure that the updated reference is stored back into the region being scanned. #. Call the macro :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END` on the scan state. #. Return :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK`. This description of the protocol simplifies a number of important details, which are covered in the following sections. .. index:: pair: scanning; tagged reference .. _topic-scanning-tag: Tagged references ----------------- If your references are :term:`tagged ` (or otherwise "encrypted"), then you must remove the tag (or decrypt them) before passing them to :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` and :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`. The reference passed to :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` must be the address of the base of the block referred to (unless the referent belongs to an :term:`object format` with :term:`in-band headers`, in which case it must be a reference to the address just after the header). However, :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` allows some leeway: if you pass it a reference to the interior of an allocated block, then :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` correctly determines whether a reference to the block is of interest to the MPS. This means that if your tag is in the low bits of the reference, you may not have to remove it before calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX1`. For example, if you use three tag bits, then your reference is at most *base* + 7, and if your objects are at least 8 bytes long, then the reference is within the object and need not be stripped. So your code might look like this:: if (MPS_FIX1(ss, obj->ref)) { /* strip the tag */ mps_addr_t p = obj->ref & ~0x7; mps_res_t res = MPS_FIX2(ss, &p); if (res != MPS_RES_OK) return res; /* restore the tag and update reference */ mps_word_t tag = obj->ref & 0x7; obj->ref = (obj_t)((char *)p + tag); } This saves the cost of stripping the tag in the case that ``obj->ref`` is not of interest to the MPS. Similarly, if you use interior pointers, you do not need to convert them to base pointers before calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` (or, indeed, before calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`, if the target of the referent belongs to an :term:`object format` with :term:`in-band headers`). .. index:: pair: scanning; critical path Critical path ------------- Scanning is an operation on the critical path of the MPS and so it is vital that it runs fast. The scanning protocol is designed to ensure that as much of the scanning code can be run inline in the client program as possible. In particular, the macro :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` does not need to call into the MPS. The purpose of :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` is to provide a fast check as to whether a reference is "of interest" to the MPS. It is legitimate to call this on any word: it does not even have to be an address. So if you have a mixture of references and non-references, it might turn out to be faster to call :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` on each word before you even determine whether or not the word is a reference. Whether this is in fact an optimization depends on the proportion of references to non-references, on how often genuine references turn out to be "of interest", and what kind of code the compiler has generated. There is no substitute for measurement. See :ref:`design-critical-path`. .. note:: In one application with a high proportion of :term:`unboxed` values, it turned out to be fastest to check the tag and reject non-references before calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX1`. .. warning:: If you passed a word that might not be a reference to :c:func:`MPS_FIX1`, and it returned true, this might be a false positive. You must be certain that the alleged reference is genuine as well as "of interest" before passing it to :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`. Another technique that can speed up scanning is to segregate objects into pools whose object formats contain different scan methods. In particular, if you can segregate objects that do not contain any references into :term:`leaf object` pools like :ref:`pool-amcz`, these objects do not need to be scanned at all. .. index:: pair: scanning; ambiguous reference Ambiguous references -------------------- If the references in the object being scanned are :term:`ambiguous ` then :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` does not update the reference (because it can't know if it's a genuine reference). The MPS handles an ambiguous reference by :term:`pinning` the block pointed to so that it cannot move. You could use this fact to optimize the scan by avoiding the need to reassemble and store the updated reference after calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`. .. note:: The MPS currently has no pools that support ambiguous references, so this cannot arise for the :term:`scan method` in an :term:`object format`, but :term:`root` scanning functions may encounter this case. .. index:: pair: scanning; unfixed reference Unfixed references ------------------ The MPS does not require you to :term:`fix` all your :term:`references`. But if a reference is not fixed: #. it does not keep its target alive (this might be acceptable if you know that the target is being kept alive for another reason, for example if it is in a :term:`manually managed ` pool, or if there is always another reference to the target that *is* fixed); #. it does not get updated if the target moves (this might be acceptable if you know that the target cannot move, for example if it is in a :term:`non-moving ` pool, or if it is :term:`pinned ` by an :term:`ambiguous reference`). These optimizations can be tricky to make correct, and can make the system fragile (for example, it may break if you start using a different :term:`pool class`), so it is usually safest to fix all references. .. index:: single: scanning; example single: Scheme; scanning Example: Scheme objects ----------------------- Scanning tends to be a repetitive procedure and so you'll find it is usually helpful to define macros to reduce the size of the source code. The MPS provides a convenience macro :c:func:`MPS_FIX12` for the common case of calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` and then immediately calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` if the reference is "of interest". .. note:: Some compilers generate better code if you use :c:func:`MPS_FIX12`, and some if you use :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` and :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`. There's no substitute for measurement. Here's the macro ``FIX`` defined by the toy Scheme interpreter:: #define FIX(ref) \ do { \ mps_addr_t _addr = (ref); /* copy to local to avoid type pun */ \ mps_res_t res = MPS_FIX12(ss, &_addr); \ if (res != MPS_RES_OK) return res; \ (ref) = _addr; \ } while(0) .. note:: The comment refers to a temptation to write non-portable code that presents itself here. :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` takes a pointer to a location containing the reference (an argument of type ``mps_addr_t *``). It is tempting to take the address of the reference and cast it to this type. The behaviour of such a cast is not defined by the C standard. See :ref:`topic-interface-pun`. Here's the Scheme scanner:: static mps_res_t obj_scan(mps_ss_t ss, mps_addr_t base, mps_addr_t limit) { MPS_SCAN_BEGIN(ss) { while (base < limit) { obj_t obj = base; switch (obj->type.type) { case TYPE_PAIR: FIX(obj->pair.car); FIX(obj->pair.cdr); base = (char *)base + ALIGN(sizeof(pair_s)); break; case TYPE_VECTOR: { size_t i; for (i = 0; i < obj->vector.length; ++i) FIX(obj->vector.vector[i]); base = (char *)base + ALIGN(offsetof(vector_s, vector) + obj->vector.length * sizeof(obj->vector.vector[0])); break; } /* ... and so on for the other types ... */ default: assert(0); fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected object on the heap\n"); abort(); return MPS_RES_FAIL; } } } MPS_SCAN_END(ss); return MPS_RES_OK; } .. note:: This scanner is a simple example intended to make the process clear to the reader. The scanning code and the object layout are not at all optimized. .. index:: single: scanning; interface Scanning interface ------------------ .. c:type:: mps_ss_t The type of :term:`scan states`. A scan state represents the state of the current :term:`scan`. The MPS passes a scan state to the :term:`scan method` of an :term:`object format` when it needs to :term:`scan` for :term:`references` within a region of memory. The scan method must pass the scan state to :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END` to delimit a sequence of fix operations, and to the functions :c:func:`MPS_FIX1`, :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` and :c:func:`MPS_FIX12` when fixing a :term:`reference`. .. c:macro:: MPS_SCAN_BEGIN(ss) Within a :term:`scan method`, set up local information required by :c:func:`MPS_FIX1`, :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` and :c:func:`MPS_FIX12`. The local information persists until :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`. ``ss`` is the :term:`scan state` that was passed to the scan method. .. note:: Between :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`, the scan state is in a special state, and must not be passed to a function. If you really need to do so, for example because you have an embedded structure shared between two scan methods, you must wrap the call with :c:macro:`MPS_FIX_CALL` to ensure that the scan state is passed correctly. .. c:macro:: MPS_SCAN_END(ss) Within a :term:`scan method`, terminate a block started by :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN`. ``ss`` is the :term:`scan state` that was passed to the scan method. .. note:: :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END` ensures that the scan is completed, so successful termination of a scan must invoke it. However, in case of an error it is allowed to return from the scan method without invoking :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`. .. note:: Between :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`, the scan state is in a special state, and must not be passed to a function. If you really need to do so, for example because you have an embedded structure shared between two scan methods, you must wrap the call with :c:macro:`MPS_FIX_CALL` to ensure that the scan state is passed correctly. .. c:macro:: MPS_FIX_CALL(ss, call) Call a function to do some scanning, from within a :term:`scan method`, between :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`, passing the :term:`scan state` correctly. ``ss`` is the scan state that was passed to the scan method. ``call`` is an expression containing a function call where ``ss`` is one of the arguments. Between :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`, the scan state is in a special state, and must not be passed to a function. If you really need to do so, for example because you have a structure shared between two :term:`object formats`, you must wrap the call with :c:macro:`MPS_FIX_CALL` to ensure that the scan state is passed correctly. The function being called must use :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END` appropriately. In example below, the scan method ``obj_scan`` fixes the object's ``left`` and ``right`` references, but delegates the scanning of references inside the object's ``data`` member to the function ``data_scan``. In order to ensure that the scan state is passed correctly to ``data_scan``, the call must be wrapped in :c:macro:`MPS_FIX_CALL`. :: mps_res_t obj_scan(mps_ss_t ss, mps_addr_t base, mps_addr_t limit) { obj_t obj; mps_res_t res; MPS_SCAN_BEGIN(ss) { for (obj = base; obj < limit; obj++) { res = MPS_FIX12(ss, &obj->left); if (res != MPS_RES_OK) return res; MPS_FIX_CALL(ss, res = data_scan(ss, &obj->data)); if (res != MPS_RES_OK) return res; res = MPS_FIX12(ss, &obj->right); if (res != MPS_RES_OK) return res; } } MPS_SCAN_END(ss); return MPS_RES_OK; } .. warning:: Use of :c:macro:`MPS_FIX_CALL` is best avoided, as it may force values out of registers (depending on compiler optimisations such as inlining). The gains in simplicity of the code ought to be measured against the loss in performance. .. index:: single: scanning; fixing single: fixing; interface Fixing interface ---------------- .. c:function:: mps_bool_t MPS_FIX1(mps_ss_t ss, mps_addr_t ref) Determine whether a :term:`reference` needs to be passed to :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`. ``ss`` is the :term:`scan state` that was passed to the :term:`scan method`. ``ref`` is the reference. Returns a truth value (:c:type:`mps_bool_t`) indicating whether ``ref`` is "interesting" to the MPS. If it returns true, the scan method must invoke :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` to :term:`fix` ``ref``. This macro must only be used within a :term:`scan method`, between :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`. .. note:: If your reference is :term:`tagged ` or otherwise "encrypted", you must ensure that it points to a location within the target block before calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX1`. (Therefore, a small tag in the low bits need not be stripped.) .. note:: In the case where the scan method does not need to do anything between :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` and :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`, you can use the convenience macro :c:func:`MPS_FIX12`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t MPS_FIX12(mps_ss_t ss, mps_addr_t *ref_io) :term:`Fix` a :term:`reference`. This macro is a convenience for the case where :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` is immediately followed by :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`. The interface is the same as :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t MPS_FIX2(mps_ss_t ss, mps_addr_t *ref_io) :term:`Fix` a :term:`reference`. ``ss`` is the :term:`scan state` that was passed to the :term:`scan method`. ``ref_io`` points to the reference. Returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK` if successful. In this case the reference may have been updated, and so the scan method must store the updated reference back to the region being scanned. The scan method must continue to scan the :term:`block`. If it returns any other result, the scan method must return that result as soon as possible, without fixing any further references. This macro must only be used within a :term:`scan method`, between :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END`. .. note:: If your reference is :term:`tagged ` (or otherwise "encrypted"), you must remove the tag (or otherwise decrypt the reference) before calling :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`, and restore the tag to the (possibly updated) reference afterwards. The only exception is for references to objects belonging to a format with :term:`in-band headers`: the header size must not be subtracted from these references. .. note:: In the case where the scan method does not need to do anything between :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` and :c:func:`MPS_FIX2`, you can use the convenience macro :c:func:`MPS_FIX12`. .. index:: single: scanning; area scanners single: area; scanning .. _topic-scanning-area: Area scanners ------------- An area scanner :term:`scans` an area of memory for :term:`references`. Various functions in the MPS interface, such as :c:func:`mps_root_create_thread_tagged`, accept area scanners as arguments so that the :term:`client program` can specify how to scan special areas such as the :term:`control stack`. The MPS provides some area scanners for common situations (such as an area which is a vector of words with references identified by :term:`tag bits `) but the :term:`client program` can provide its own. If you want to develop your own area scanner you can start by adapting the scanners, found in ``scan.c`` in the MPS source code. .. c:type:: mps_area_scan_t The type of area scanning functions, which are all of the form:: mps_res_t scan(mps_ss_t ss, void *base, void *limit, void *closure); ``ss`` is the :term:`scan state`. ``base`` points to the first location to be scanned. ``limit`` points to the location just beyond the end of the area to be scanned. ``closure`` is a pointer to an arbitrary :term:`closure` object that contains parameters for the scan. The object passed depends on the context. For example, if the scanner was originally registered with :c:func:`mps_root_create_thread_tagged` then it is the value of the ``closure`` argument originally passed to that function. .. note:: The reason that :c:data:`base` and :c:data:`limit` have type ``void *`` and not :c:type:`mps_addr_t` is that the latter is used only for :term:`addresses` managed by the MPS, but :c:type:`mps_area_scan_t` may also be used to scan :term:`roots` that are not managed by the MPS. .. warning:: Area scanning functions are subject to the same set of restrictions as format scanning functions, described under :ref:`topic-format-cautions`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_scan_area(mps_ss_t ss, void *base, void *limit, void *closure) Scan an area of memory :term:`fixing ` every word. ``closure`` is ignored. Expects ``base`` and ``limit`` to be word-aligned. This scanner is appropriate for use when all words in the area are simple untagged references. .. c:type:: mps_scan_tag_t The type of a scan closure that is passed to the tagged area scanners in order to specify the format of the :term:`tagged references` in the area. It is a pointer to a :c:type:`mps_scan_tag_s` structure. .. c:type:: mps_scan_tag_s The type of the structure used to represent :term:`tag bits ` in :term:`tagged references` :: typedef struct mps_scan_tag_s { mps_word_t mask; mps_word_t pattern; } mps_scan_tag_s; ``mask`` is bit mask that is applied to words in the area to find the tag. For example, a mask of 0b111 (decimal 7) specifies that the tag is stored in the least-significant three bits of the word. ``pattern`` is a bit pattern that is compared to the bits extracted by the ``mask`` to determine if the word is a reference. The exact interpretation depends on which area scanner it is passed to. See the documentation for the individual area scanners. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_scan_area_masked(mps_ss_t ss, void *base, void *limit, void *closure) Scan an area of memory :term:`fixing ` every word, but remove tag bits before fixing references, and restore them afterwards. ``closure`` must point to an :c:type:`mps_scan_tag_s`. Expects ``base`` and ``limit`` to be word-aligned. For example, if ``mask`` is 0b111 (decimal 7), then this scanner will clear the bottom three bits of each word before fixing. A word such as 0xC1374823 would be detagged to 0xC1374820 before fixing. If it were fixed to 0xC812BC88 then it would be tagged back to 0xC812BC8B before being stored. This scanner is useful when all words in the area must be treated as references no matter what tag they have. This can be especially useful if you are debugging your tagging scheme. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_scan_area_tagged(mps_ss_t ss, void *base, void *limit, void *closure) Scan an area of memory :term:`fixing ` only words whose masked bits match a particular tag pattern. ``closure`` must point to a :c:type:`mps_scan_tag_s`. Expects ``base`` and ``limit`` to be word-aligned. For example, if ``mask`` is 7 and ``pattern`` is 5, then this scanner will only fix words whose low order bits are 0b101. Tags are masked off and restored as in :c:func:`mps_scan_area_masked`. This scanner is useful when you have a single tag pattern that distinguishes references, especially when that pattern is zero. .. warning:: A risk of using tagged pointers in registers and on the stack is that in some circumstances, an optimizing compiler might optimize away the tagged pointer, keeping only the untagged version of the pointer. See :c:func:`mps_root_create_thread_tagged`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_scan_area_tagged_or_zero(mps_ss_t ss, void *base, void *limit, void *closure) Scan an area of memory :term:`fixing ` only words whose masked bits are zero or match a particular tag pattern. ``closure`` must point to a :c:type:`mps_scan_tag_s`. Expects ``base`` and ``limit`` to be word-aligned. For example, if ``mask`` is 7 and ``pattern`` is 3, then this scanner will fix words whose low order bits are 0b011 and words whose low order bits are 0b000, but not any others. This scanner is most useful for ambiguously scanning the stack and registers when using an optimising C compiler and non-zero tags on references, since the compiler is likely to leave untagged addresses of objects around which must not be ignored.