This wiki article contains incomplete and informal notes about the MPS, the precursor to more formal documentation. Not confidential. Readership: MPS users and developers.
Notes on getting started with GC -- Garbage Collection.
The client can choose how to format its objects, but the MPS will sometimes need to ask the client some questions about an object, such as:
For each type of question, the client must provide a function that gives
the answer. These functions are called "format methods", and are
collected together into a "format"
(mps_fmt_t). Usually the client developer writes these functions,
calls "mps_fmt_create_..." to
collect them into a format, and passes this format to the MPS as an
argument to mps_pool_create().
A client's format code is 'special'. It is called at special times (eg. when handling an interrupt), and is quite restricted in what it is allowed to do. Format code is often on the critical path for memory management operations. The full requirement for a format is complicated; see documentation in the Reference Manual. But here's a simplified overview:
No format is required for an object in a non-scanned, non-collectable pool -- the MPS never needs to know the internal details of objects in these pools.
For collectable and/or scannable pools, the client's format code generally needs to support three types of object:
A forwarding object is a placeholder that the MPS uses when it has moved the object that used to be there. ('Normal' client code never sees these forwarding objects; only client format code does).
A padding object is a 'dummy' object that the MPS uses when there is not enough room (eg. at the end of a memory page) to put a real client object.
The client must be able to distinguish between these three types of object. To guarantee this, client code MUST initialize memory obtained from the MPS (by mps_alloc or mps_reserve) BEFORE it makes any other call into the MPS from that thread (including the call to mps_commit). Here, "initialize" means at least enough initialization that the client's format code handles the object correctly, including whether it is a client object, a forwarding object, or a padding object. [See also protocol.mps.format.rel.ap. RHSK 2006-06-02]
Indicate the size of a collectable client object:
List all references from this object to (other) collectable objects:
Move this client object (obsolete, see below):
Create/use a forwarding object (used by an incremental moving pool after moving a client object):
Create a padding object:
The Copy method is obsolete, and is never called. The MPS just uses
mps_lib_memcpy() to copy the bytes to the new location.
It knows how many bytes to copy by using the Skip method.
Historical notes: The original justification for Copy was:
... but this didn't happen with actual clients, and the interface to the copy method didn't pass the skip-size (which the MPS has already determined by calling Skip) and so didn't allow an efficient copy method to be written. So it was dropped, in 1998 or earlier. The only place this memcpy currently occurs is in poolamc.c, in AMCFix() (and now AMCHeaderFix() too).
There are notes on this change at design/trace/#fix.nocopy.
There are several different ways to package-up the format methods -- these different ways are called 'variants'. MPS currently supports four format variants. The creation functions for these are:
It's a bit messy -- sorry.
//info.ravenbrook.com/project/mps/import/2001-09-27/mminfo/doc/impl/h/mps/index.txt#1 307 /* Root Creation and Destruction 308 * 309 * mps_root_create creates the most general type of root: a scanning 310 * function with two closure elements, p and s. 311 * 312 * mps_root_create_table creates a root from a block of memory which 313 * contains a contiguous array of references. Pages containing table 314 * roots may be protected by the MPS if MPS_RM_PROT is set in the 315 * root mode. 316 * 317 * mps_root_create_fmt creates a root from a block of memory which 318 * contains formatted objects. Pages containing fmt roots may be 319 * protected by the MPS if MPS_RM_PROT is set in the root mode. 320 * 321 * mps_root_create_reg creates a root which will be used to scan 322 * the registers of a thread. (Often it will scan the stack, too.) 323 */
You must designate the permanent root-points of your object graph as an MPS root, for example with one or more calls to mps_root_create_table. All your MPS objects (in collectable pools) must be reachable from these permanent roots, to prevent them from getting collected.
Usually, you also use mps_root_create_reg to designate your local variables (stack and registers) as an ambiguous root. This ensures the objects you are working on are preserved even if you temporarily remove them from the graph reachable from your permanent roots. Because this is an ambiguous root, it also pins the objects you are working on.
These notes on Protection and incremental collection were written by RHSK between 2006-06-15 and 2006-06-15, following research and discussion with RB and DRJ.
The MPS can set operating-system read- or write-barriers on certain pages. When client tries to use this protected memory, the MPS interrupts and does just enough garbage-collection to allow the client to see this page.
On Windows, currently, these barriers are implemented using SEH -- Structured Exception Handling.
Some advanced, incomplete notes on protection and foreign function calls:
//info.ravenbrook.com/mail/2006/05/17/11-03-54/0.txt "chat with DRJ RB RHSK about work for Configura, and other MPS issues" ... MPS should be part of runtime for a language. One necessary part is SEH: - required once per thread; - AND required on foreign function calls inward. Otherwise, 1. some foreign C++ might steal our exception; 2. this might be a thread we've never seen before (In fact, client need to have a bit standard of code that works out if the MPS has seen this thread before. It must call this code on every inbound call from foreign code.) DRJ: "Dylan does this". There's a bunch of assumes about compiled code, ABI etc, play nice with sighandler etc. Might be poss for GR to geneerate code that doesn't use SEH if he wasn't using MPS. MPS has a requirement that you use this extremely poorly documented SEH interface. 2 improvements: 1. better documentation for this 2. try to make the MPS *not* require SEH job001360 -- SEH
2006-06-02 RHSK Created.
2006-06-02 RHSK Introduction to MPS Formats
2006-06-06 RHSK Formats: clarify explanation of methods, copy method is
obsolete, mention format variants.
2006-06-14 RHSK Roots -- User's Guide: bare bones: root variants.
2006-06-15 RHSK Brief notes on Protection and incremental collection.
2006-06-22 RHSK Move Allocation Points User Guide to its own article;
add note to Root.
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